The Humanities are not a Luxury Essay Example

The Humanities are not a Luxury Essay Example The Humanities are not a Luxury Essay The Humanities are not a Luxury Essay Exposition Topic: Rejoinder The Humanities are not a Luxury: A Manifesto for the Twenty-first Century In her piece The Humanities are not a Luxury: A Manifesto for the Twenty-first Century, Smith Martha Nell conveys the message that humanities are a statement of the human condition as opposed to an extravagance. At first, she cites the proof from Audre Lordes, a sound researcher, work contending that verse is no extravagance yet a need in our lives. The case here is that verse is a type of humankind and it incorporates every one of that people do in their lives including music, theater, moving, history and so forth. All these verse is utilized to catch our most profound feelings of dread and expectations instead of simply be extravagant (Smith 48). Smith recognizes the opposite contention that writers don't think about people day by day lives since their words are loaded with figurative implications. Her case is depended on the case from Robert Frost, a tenable researcher, that the words don't generally yield positive results as the writers dont mention to young men what to think (48). They (writers) don't mention to them what determinations or implications to make from the sonnets whichleavesthem (young men) in obscurity. Thiscounter argumentsets up an issue of remembering illustrations for the writers work yet Smith diagrams that the analogies are significant and make the requirement for basic speculation for people (50). To show the significance of basic reasoning, Smith utilizes a case of the California spending emergency in which Mark Yudolf, leader of the University of California, utilized an illustration to ventilate the complaints of the English offices not accepting their installment. The Englishdepartment in this casereferred to the humanities division and the fact of the matter was that the humanities educational programs and investigates cost a lot yet didn't pay. The counter point here is that the in the setting ofYudolfsclaim, themediaand the overall population should assemble one or the other in this way reasoning what he implied (50). Smith further uses,Yudolfscase to stretch thathumanityarenot an extravagance. She cites a contention brought out by a solid researcher, Emily Dickinson, who contends that the estimation of craftsman humanities is extremely valuable in the general public (51). The contention prompts the announcement that humanities and sociologies are crucial necessities in human life despite the fact that Yudolf may have been deciphered as a cost, an extravagance. Humanities are not an extravagance but rather an extraordinary advantage in understanding the society(Gil Soeiro and Tavares 1). Smith focuses on that humanities are not an extravagance by citing the cases of Robert Watson and Lorde who guarantee that humanities and sociologies are really enhancement to the organizations and to the understudies lives. The case is that they yield over 100% of their complete use. Smith backs this with the proof by Yudolf who sociologies and humanities are a superior wellspring of cross-appropriation for the foundations not at all like the research facility requiring courses, for example, building (51). Smith calls attention to that there is no significant emergency in the humanities segment as Yudolf asserted in his contention. All things considered, the picture, as clear in Smiths report, shows understudies ofYudolfsschool fighting with a bannerwrittensave the humanities (Smith 52). Progressively apparent news press cases of the emergency are that:PHDs looking for positions won't get work, the American Council of Learned Societies guarantee that humanitiesPHDsgraduates cannot secure positions, the humanities being assaulted each day, and the case that the humanities are not, at this point compassionate (52). The creator guarantees that there is an open disinvestment in the humanities and depicts the issue that the state funded colleges are not really supported. She cites the cases by Lewis that lone the minority attempt to freshen up the humanities complaints. The most vocal gatherings, for example, the media and the government officials don't back up this worries of whichHolm,Jarrickand Scott concur (Holm, Jarrick and Scott 160). The essentialness of the case is that vote based system is solid on the off chance that it is upheld up unafraid which implies we ought to consistently think fundamentally in order to progress in it (52). The creator wraps up the report by suggesting what she calls, the innovation of reluctance. She suggests that; the humanities group ought to move beyond the fantasy that the humanities are a cost; the group ought to consistently challenge the humanities since as Smith cites, an investigation of how the shows of the episode account shape perspectives toward malady development and social change can prompt increasingly viable, just, and empathetic reactions both to a changing world and to the issues of worldwide wellbeing and human welfare.(Chew 1203); the group ought to never be governed by cash yet rather theybefocused on passing the instruction; they ought not permit innovation to condition them from humanehumanities; andfinally they ought to guarantee the best affinity between the seniors and the friends the same. Just if webecomfortable around thehuman kindwill the humanities bode well (Smith 54-55). Work Cited Bite, Suok Kai. Infectious: Cultures, Carriers, And The Outbreak Narrative.Choice Reviews Online46.01 (2008): 1203. Web. Gil Soeiro, Ed. Ricardo and Sofia Tavares. Reevaluating The Humanities: Paths And Challenges.The Kelvingrove Review1.11 (2012): 1. Web. 13 Oct. 2016. Holm, Poul, Arne Jarrick, and Dominic Scott.Humanities World Report 2015. Hampshire: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, 2015. Print. Nell Smith, Martha. The Humanities Are Not A Luxury: A Manifesto For The Twenty-First Century.Liberal Education 102.3(Winter 2011): 48-55, Web. 13 Oct. 2016.

Improving Communication Between Healthcare Providers and Patiets Research Paper

Improving Communication Between Healthcare Providers and Patiets - Research Paper Example With regards to social insurance industry, one can't commit any errors, particularly when the correspondence is occurring among persistent and the human services supplier. In the event that the social insurance supplier can give such an environment, where the patient is agreeable to communicate all worries, it can help the medicinal services authority to accumulate enough basic data to analyze the issue in the patient. Nonetheless, an unfriendly domain can prompt missing significant basic data in the correspondence procedure, prompting a grave slip-up being made with respect to the expert. Since medicinal services is, where a mix-up can prompt losing the life or the wellbeing of the patient, viable social insurance correspondence and bedside morals is of essential significance (Gary, 1994). There has been enormous examination as of now being held all over the world, getting to the significance of compelling correspondence in medicinal services. Specialized toolbox is a device that has been utilized in numerous associations, across various fields and has been named to be fruitful in expanding powerful correspondence. This remains constant additionally for the medicinal services industry, where social insurance suppliers are furnished with such specialized toolboxs to help them during addressing and demonstrative meetings. Better correspondence between the human services supplier and the patient can prompt better connections and better consideration gave to the patients. As per the American Academy on Communication in medicinal services, national information has shown that correspondence and relationship are issues are major in misdiagnosis or blunders in the clinical field. As indicated by an ongoing investigation of Orthopedic specialists, at least 25% of clinical blunders were made because of miscommunication. Since human services suppliers have broad scholarly projects identified with the clinical field, with very little to offer on correspondence, they at times do not have the rudiments to break the obstructions of

Alfred Stieglitz Essay Example For Students

Alfred Stieglitz Essay Alfred Stieglitz was a powerful picture taker who went through his time on earth battling for the acknowledgment of photography as a legitimate fine art. He was a spearheading picture taker, proofreader and display proprietor who assumed urgent job in characterizing and molding innovation in the United States. (Lowe 23). He took pictures in when photography was considered as just a logical interest and not a workmanship. As the debate over the workmanship estimation of photography got across the board, Stieglitz started to battle for the acknowledgment of his picked medium. This fight would last as long as he can remember. Edward Stieglitz, father of Alfred, was conceived in Germany in 1833. He experienced childhood with a homestead, cherished nature, and was a craftsman on a fundamental level. Legend has it that, autonomous and solid willed, Edward Stieglitz fled from home at sixteen years old since his mom demanded after treating his shirt after he had implored her not to (Lowe 23). Edward would later meet Hedwig Warner and they would have their first child, Alfred. Alfred was the first of six destined to his father Edward and mother Hedwig. As a kid Alfred was recognized as a kid with thick dark hair, huge dim eyes, pale fine skin, a carefully displayed mouth with a solid jawline (Peterson 34). In 1871 the Stieglitz family inhabited 14 East 60th road in Manhattan. No structures remained between Central Park and the Stieglitz family home. As Stieglitz kicked more established he off to show enthusiasm for photography, posting each photograph he could discover on his room divider. It wasn’t until he got more established that his photography interest start to assume responsibility for his life. Stieglitz officially began photography at nineteen years old, during his first years at the Berlin Polytechnic School. Right now photography was in its outset as a fine art. Alfred took in the expressive arts of photography by viewing a nearby picture taker in Berlin working in the store’s dim room. Subsequent to making a couple of photos of his room and himself, he took a crack at a photochemistry course. This is the place his photography profession would start. His soonest open acknowledgment originated from England and Germany. It started in 1887 when Stieglitz won the first of his numerous first prizes in an opposition. The appointed authority who gave him the honor was Dr. P. H. Emerson, at that point the most generally referred to English promoter of photography as a craftsmanship (Doty 23). Dr. Emerson later kept in touch with Stieglitz about his work sent in to the opposition: â€Å"It is maybe late for me to communicate my reverence of the work you sent into the occasion rivalry. It was the unconstrained work in the presentation and I was enchanted with quite a bit of it†, (Bry 11). The primary picture taker association Alfred joined while still in Berlin, was the German Society of the Friends of Photography. Subsequent to coming back to the United States 1890, Stieglitz joined the Society of Amateur Photographers of New York. These encounters would later assistance him in years to come. By 1902 Stieglitz had become the expert in his picked field. Stieglitz found that his accomplishments were insufficient to win acknowledgment for photography. At last in 1902 he established a completely new photography gathering of his own, the Photo Secession. The focal point of the Photo Secession was the progression of pictorial photography. Stieglitz being the pioneer accumulated a skilled gathering of American picture takers made a beeline for a similar shared objective, to show photography as an artistic expression( Lowe 54). This was the first of numerous Photo Secession appears through which Stieglitz set out and exhibited photography as a craftsmanship. Their first Photo Secession show was held at the National Arts Club in New York. Photograph Secession shows were bolstered by displays everywhere throughout the world just as Stieglitz’s own exhibition. Every one of these occasions were accounted for in Stieglitz’s week by week magazine Camera Work, which Stieglitz established, altered, and distributed in fifty volumes from its start in 1903 until its end in 1917. In spite of the fact that the Photo Secession bunch never broke down, it bit by bit lessened as a sorted out gathering. Exposition about WorkWhen Stieglitz came back to America from England, he found that photography, as he got it, barely existed. An instrument had been put available in the blink of an eye previously, called Kodak. The motto conveyed to promoters perusing, â€Å"You press the catch and we’ll do with the rest†. This thought sickened Stieglitz. To Stieglitz it appeared spoiled sportsmanship (Peterson 10). Stieglitz needed to make photography a workmanship so Stieglitz chose, to take care of business. Camera Notes (1897-1903) was the most noteworthy American photographic diary of now is the right time (see pict. ). Distributed month to month by the Camera Club of New York and altered for the vast majority of its life by Alfred Stieglitz, the diary exemplified significant changes for american photography as a rule and to Stieglitz’ s vocation specifically. Camera Notes flagged the start of the development of masterful photography in the United States. Through the span of the six years that Camera Notes was distributed, Stieglitz saw the foundation of an American standard for aesthetic photography and the â€Å"dissolution of his confidence in members† of famous camera clubs. Camera Notes introduced another century, yet in addition a totally unique mentality toward photography (Peterson 35). This diary spoke to an honorable exertion with respect to Stieglitz to work inside the region of the American Camera Club development (Norman 67). The diary incorporated various articles and photographic outlines he accepted would rouse his perusers to more elevated levels of picture making and more prominent profundities of aesthetic importance (Peterson 10). Later Stieglitz left being the supervisor of Camera Club on account of others blamed him for rule or run strategies. Stieglitz at that point made his own magazine. Stieglitz had consistently longed for distributing and altering his own autonomous magazine, Camera Work. In picking the title Stieglitz felt that he could frame a developing confidence in any medium. In the wake of distributing Camera Work Stieglitz turned out to be generally perceived as a worldwide pioneer in the photographic world. Stieglitz and other people who were making photos of the refined legitimacy when the new century rolled over for the most part named their work pictorial as opposed to imaginative (Norman 45). Pictorial photography implied decisively creative photography in their psyches, yet the expression was utilized partially on the grounds that it was less threatening to a set up craftsman. Regardless of this methodology, pictorialists were expectation after making pictures with their cameras, by which they implied pictures of satisfying worth. The word pictorial suggested a relationship with pictures, a class of visual wonder that was to a great extent comprised of fine artistic creations, prints and drawings. Pictorialists worked with a limited scope of subjects, to a limited extent since they wished to make light of the significance of the topic. They would later prosper into painter picture takers. When the new century rolled over, another class of imaginative people, called painter-picture taker rose. This gathering satisfied Stieglitz’ s dream for pictorial photography. Its essence furnished the development with people who were prepared in the built up expressions and who legitimized the aesthetic cases of pictorial photography by the way that they were happy to utilize the photographic medium. The very term painter picture taker was made up concerning Frank Eugene who worked all the while with Stieglitz in media for 10 years. Eugene went to a German expressive arts foundation, and painted dramatic representations of the United States. In 1889 he mounted an independent show of pictorial photos at the Camera Club of New York, which, distinctly, was explored in Camera Notes as painting photography (Norman 23). In end Stieglitz’s battle for photography formed into new thoughts for people in the future. He kept on making his own trials and to guard crafted by others additionally kicking off something new. The magazines he altered, similar to the displays he established, quickly became dynamic purposes of contact among craftsman and open and a battleground for new thoughts.

Food Report-Pakistan Free Essays

Likewise the hours of these suppers are distinctive as breakfast or referred to in Pakistan as â€Å"Cherish† is had in advance of dawn and supper or â€Å"Fatal is after dusk. As individuals are fasting during the day, lunch doesn't exist. Breakfast is one of the three most normal dinners of the day, in Pakistan (Udder) â€Å"Nashua† in their local name for breakfast. We will compose a custom article test on Food Report-Pakistan or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now The most widely recognized food had in breakfast incorporates eggs either bubbled, seared. What's more, the egg is supplemented by a bit of bread. Despite the fact that convention bread is known as â€Å"root† that is eaten. Some other food joined by the effectively recorded is margarine on bread or different pitas. In Canada, espresso is the refreshment of inclination toward the beginning of the day, in spite of the fact that in Pakistan, as they were some time ago a customs settlement, they received tea otherwise called â€Å"chaw† and this is their beverage of decision. Lunch A conventional lunch in a Pakistani family unit is as per the following: commonly a kind of meat within curry, a few snacks incorporate â€Å"Chicken Curry’ and â€Å"Beef Curry’. Moreover, to change up the dinner, a few families appreciate rice with hamburger and potatoes or stew soup. Another basic kind of lunch in Pakistan is â€Å"Deal Chalk†. Albeit, family snacks are not normal as the providers are generally grinding away and get back for supper. In spite of the fact that lunch for providers may change as conventional food isn't eaten grinding away, because of its penny and along these lines they either purchase food or have sandwiches for lunch. As no consideration is given to the five nutritional categories, a few people may come up short on the recommended serving of the nutrition types. Supper dissimilar to Canada, in which breakfast is viewed as the most significant feast of the day, Pakistan contrasts as supper is the most significant dinner as the whole family is assembled and the amount of the supper in more prominent. Besides, supper is served late in contrast with Canada as the work hours are longer so families eat at around also, families generally have the most classy dinner of the day. One of the cost basic dinners in a Pakistani family unit is Brain. This dinner incorporates rice, flavors and different meats relying upon the person’s decision. Treats incorporate desserts, for example, Gulag Jam or natural product platters. Family Relationships Family relations to food are known for to be cliché in Pakistan as ladies are responsible for preparing the food while the men are the providers. In Pakistan, the pace of work of ladies low hence most providers are men and the ladies are left to do housework. Additionally the food decisions might be restricted as kids are eating a similar kind of food over and over and this confines their decisions. As Pakistan has such a high destitution rate decisions of food is restricted in this way kids can't get remarkable taste despite the fact that people with a lot of riches legitimate. Economy The Pakistani economy comprises of an enormous piece of the food families devour. On the off chance that food costs were to ever rise, a few families would not have the option to meet the spending plan to have the option to buy all the items expected to set up a dinner. Insights show that a normal salary of Pakistani family unit midpoints around 79,1 58 RSI. ; which further shows that for a decent eating routine a normal Pakistani resident needs around 1 1,454. 20 RSI. Normal families comprise of four individuals, which would require 45,816. 80 RSI. To buy a practical measure of nourishment for the family. Step by step instructions to refer to Food Report-Pakistan, Essays

Its Norml free essay sample

Late clinical trials have show that cannabis is another type of desolation alleviation, concentrating for the most part on neuropathic torment. It has been demonstrated that therapeutic cannabis has relieved or facilitated the patient’s side effects of queasiness, glaucoma, headaches and spastic developments like Tourette’s condition, over the top urgent issue, and seizures. A disastrous the truth is that a large number of patients are precluded the utilization from securing restorative cannabis because of maryjane preclusion. It has been demonstrated that smoking cannabis can help those with Attention Deficit Disorder, otherwise called ADD and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, (ADHD) like indications. Patients who anguish from HIV, AIDs or chemotherapy for malignancy think that its significantly more satisfying to eat food in the wake of utilizing cannabis, as it is an impressive craving energizer. Rising examinations show that clinical cannabis can prompt protecting the body of a couple of kinds of dangerous tumors. Alongside forestalling a couple of sorts of threatening tumors, weed can back different kinds off also. We will compose a custom paper test on Its Norml or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Presently, without clinical worries as a main priority, let us talk about what doesn't occur when individuals do choose to smoke weed. Various doses can influence the mindfulness and psychomotor capacities, which could impede one’s driving capacity. In any case, in driving investigations, cannabis shows about no vehicle dealing with weakness. Smoking increments uncertainty, consequently making it safe to drive a vehicle and work hardware. Reports show that lethally harmed drivers that have Tetrahydrocannabinol, otherwise called THC, recognized in their blood have high liquor levels also. In contrast to cannabis, tobacco represents in excess of 400,000 passings every year, and almost 50,000 individuals bite the dust from liquor harming every year. Maryjane is nonhazardous and there is no conceivable method to overdose on this medication. Different instances of smoking cannabis and still equipped for doing regular things, would be an understudy going to class or a grown-up going to work. Understudies and working grown-ups might smoke maryjane and still perform jobs that needs to be done, such things like doing schoolwork, class exercises, conversing with customers or creating a significant introduction for your company’s proprietors would get simpler because of giving nearer consideration to subtleties from the watchfulness that utilizing weed can give you. Let's assume you are feeling especially down one day, it has been demonstrated that smoking cannabis can change your mind-set drastically by making you snicker, chuckle, and grin continually, making your state of mind cheerful and joyful while staying aware of ordinary errands. Numerous individuals accept that pot is a â€Å"gateway drug†, the idea that in spite of the fact that, cannabis probably won't be risky, it might and can prompt experimentation with â€Å"harder† drugs like heroin and cocaine. In any case, this is a fantasy that has not appeared to leave. Weed has not yet been demonstrated to lead clients to â€Å"harder† drugs. Different impacts, for example, liquor may lead it’s clients to explore different avenues regarding more earnestly sedates on the grounds that they are more than prone to not comprehend what they are doing or may not be completely mindful of the circumstance. Smoking weed will keep you completely mindful and careful. Affected by cannabis an individual might be much increasingly neurotic and learned to the results that accompany investing these more energy drugs. Cannabis is harmless and can't slaughter its clients by coincidental overdose.

Treatment Options for Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms

Treatment Options for Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms Addiction Alcohol Use Withdrawal and Relapse Print How Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms Are Treated By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on February 24, 2020 Hero Images / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Withdrawal and Relapse Binge Drinking Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Approximately 95 percent of people who quit drinking alcohol experience mild to moderate withdrawal symptoms and can usually be treated by healthcare providers on an outpatient basis, but five percent experience severe withdrawal symptoms and must be treated in a hospital or a facility that specializes in detoxification. If you are experiencing alcohol withdrawal symptoms, seek medical attention immediately. You can contact your family physician or healthcare provider, the local emergency room or urgent care center so that they can do an assessment of the severity of your withdrawal symptoms. Take the Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms Quiz to see if your symptoms are mild, moderate, or severe. Outpatient Treatment If you are having only mild to moderate symptoms, your healthcare provider may recommend outpatient treatment.?? During this time, you can expect treatment to include sedative drugs that can help ease your withdrawal symptoms. Your provider will perform blood tests and other tests to see if you have medical problems related to alcohol use. You may also be referred to counseling for long-term issues of alcoholism. Inpatient Treatment If you are experiencing moderate to severe withdrawal symptoms, your healthcare provider may recommend inpatient treatment. The goals are to treat your immediate withdrawal symptoms, prevent complications, and begin long-term preventative therapy.??   Observation: If you are being treated for withdrawal you usually will have to stay at the hospital for observation at least initially. This is to allow the monitoring of your heart rate, breathing, body temperature, and blood pressure,  as well as fluids and electrolytes (chemicals in the body such as sodium and potassium).Sedation:  If you are severely alcohol-dependent, your symptoms can progress rapidly and may quickly become life-threatening.?? You may require drugs that depress the central nervous system (such as sedatives) to reduce your symptoms. Often they are given in moderately large doses.Tranquilizers:  Your treatment may require maintenance of a moderately sedated state for a week or more until your withdrawal is complete. A class of medications known as benzodiazepines (tranquilizers such as Valium) is often useful in reducing a range of symptoms.Drying Out. A drying out period may be appropriate for you.?? No alcohol is allowed during this time. Your health care provid er will watch you closely for signs of delirium tremens.Hallucinations Treated:  Hallucinations that occur without other symptoms or complications are uncommon. If you experience them, you will be treated with hospitalization and antipsychotic medications as needed.Medical Conditions Tested:  You will be tested and treated for other medical problems associated  with the use of alcohol  as necessary.?? These may include disorders such as alcoholic  liver disease, blood clotting disorders, alcoholic neuropathy,  heart disorders  (such as alcoholic cardiomyopathy), chronic brain syndromes (such as  Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome), and malnutrition. Follow-Up for Recovery Rehabilitation for alcoholism is often recommended.?? This may include social support groups, medications, and behavior therapy.

Tectonic Theories Essay - 550 Words

Tectonic Theories (Essay Sample) Content: DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY OF PLATE TECTONICSNameCourseDateThe break up and movement of continents has always been a hot point of debate. As early as 1596, scientists such as Abraham Ortelius speculated on the movement of the continents. It was not until 1912 Alfred Wegener postulated a formidable theory. Unlike his predecessors, Wegeners theory was significant because the theory provided fossil, paleo-topographical and climatological evidence of similarities in the various continents. His hypothesis was published in his famous compendium Die Entstehung der kontinente und Ozean (The Origin of continents and Oceans) in 1929. This publication came after Wegener noticed a loud congruence between the east coast of South America and the African coastline. Wegener observed that continents had been one large mass that had drifted apart and had been pulled by centrifugal pseudo force as a result of the earths rotation. The history of plate tectonics proves that the earth is a n unstable collection of matter that undergoes a continuous movement the different tectonic plates.Wegeners hypothesis was rejected on various grounds. Harold Jeffrey, a renowned Geologist of his time, did calculations and ascertained that centrifugal forces brought about by the earths rotation were not sufficient to move the continents. The work did by Wegener was also refuted because the theory failed to account for earlier magnetic processes. In addition to that, Wegeners theory failed to provide plausible evidence for the physical processes involved in continental drift. Scientists also argued that masses floating freely in substratum should be in isostatic equilibrium, where gravitational force equals the buoyancy. However, many parts of the earth did not exhibit this equilibrium. The theory also failed to explain why some parts of the earths crust had solidified while others were still fluid.The Plate Tectonics theory is a more modern and refined explanation of continental dr ift. It describes the process by which plates move across the lithosphere as a result of convection forces. The convection forces are brought about by variations in densities in the mantle. The earth consists of three layers, the crust, mantle and the core. The crust is made of silicates and is divided into oceanic and continental. Continental crust is thicker than the oceanic although it is less dense. The mantle has the lithosphere that is made up of cool and rigid rocks. Most activity occurs at the plate boundaries. There are three distinct plate-boundaries namely: divergent, convergent and transform. In divergent boundary, plates move away from each other and is always accompanied by volcanic activity. There is also sea floor spreading and continental rifting that explains the mid-Atlantic Ridge. In convergent boundary, plates move toward each other leading to deep earthquakes. In ocean-ocean convergence, the occurrence of subduction leads to volcanic island arcs and deep ocea n trenches. In ocean-continent, oceanic lithosphere subducts beneath the continental one and a volcanic arc is formed. In the continent-continent convergence, there is no subduction because the continental crust is less dense. Here, the resultant is mountain building as is evident from the formation of the Himalayas. In transform boundaries, plates slide along faults quickly leading t... Tectonic Theories Essay - 550 Words Tectonic Theories (Essay Sample) Content: DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY OF PLATE TECTONICSNameCourseDateThe break up and movement of continents has always been a hot point of debate. As early as 1596, scientists such as Abraham Ortelius speculated on the movement of the continents. It was not until 1912 Alfred Wegener postulated a formidable theory. Unlike his predecessors, Wegeners theory was significant because the theory provided fossil, paleo-topographical and climatological evidence of similarities in the various continents. His hypothesis was published in his famous compendium Die Entstehung der kontinente und Ozean (The Origin of continents and Oceans) in 1929. This publication came after Wegener noticed a loud congruence between the east coast of South America and the African coastline. Wegener observed that continents had been one large mass that had drifted apart and had been pulled by centrifugal pseudo force as a result of the earths rotation. The history of plate tectonics proves that the earth is a n unstable collection of matter that undergoes a continuous movement the different tectonic plates.Wegeners hypothesis was rejected on various grounds. Harold Jeffrey, a renowned Geologist of his time, did calculations and ascertained that centrifugal forces brought about by the earths rotation were not sufficient to move the continents. The work did by Wegener was also refuted because the theory failed to account for earlier magnetic processes. In addition to that, Wegeners theory failed to provide plausible evidence for the physical processes involved in continental drift. Scientists also argued that masses floating freely in substratum should be in isostatic equilibrium, where gravitational force equals the buoyancy. However, many parts of the earth did not exhibit this equilibrium. The theory also failed to explain why some parts of the earths crust had solidified while others were still fluid.The Plate Tectonics theory is a more modern and refined explanation of continental dr ift. It describes the process by which plates move across the lithosphere as a result of convection forces. The convection forces are brought about by variations in densities in the mantle. The earth consists of three layers, the crust, mantle and the core. The crust is made of silicates and is divided into oceanic and continental. Continental crust is thicker than the oceanic although it is less dense. The mantle has the lithosphere that is made up of cool and rigid rocks. Most activity occurs at the plate boundaries. There are three distinct plate-boundaries namely: divergent, convergent and transform. In divergent boundary, plates move away from each other and is always accompanied by volcanic activity. There is also sea floor spreading and continental rifting that explains the mid-Atlantic Ridge. In convergent boundary, plates move toward each other leading to deep earthquakes. In ocean-ocean convergence, the occurrence of subduction leads to volcanic island arcs and deep ocea n trenches. In ocean-continent, oceanic lithosphere subducts beneath the continental one and a volcanic arc is formed. In the continent-continent convergence, there is no subduction because the continental crust is less dense. Here, the resultant is mountain building as is evident from the formation of the Himalayas. In transform boundaries, plates slide along faults quickly leading t...